Voip Implementation Essay - 2520 Words

VoIP Project Curtis Harris TM590 Reddy Urimindi 2/12/2012 Contents Introduction 3 Overview 3 Project Plan 4 Project Dependencies 6 System Constraints 8 Risk Assessment 9 The Network 9 Personnel Training 11 Project Closure 12 Introduction This project plan represents a general collection of processes and procedures covering the implementation of Voice over IP (VoIP) Solution for a fictitious customer. The purpose of this document is to define a VoIP project plan proposal to provide a customer with a comprehensive plan outlining the details, stakeholders, and time-frames for the defined project scope. I have developed the project plan in conjunction with the customer to identify implementation objectives and†¦show more content†¦Therefore, you can optimize network performance without increasing bandwidth (Ganguly). The first order of business is to perform a complete network assessment. Most businesses know that VoIP runs over a network and that a VoIP system needs to be designed such that voice traffic runs as smoothly over it as it does over the traditional phone system. What many businesses do not realize are the network requirements for VoIP to operate correctly. The quality of a phone call can be impacted by issues such as having the right type of cabling (cat 5e or 6 is recommended), and ensuring that switches, not hubs, are deployed within a customer’s network, and that all routing and switching CPE support QoS (CIO). Additional details can include whether a company has a firewall, and whether the ports that permit the two most common VoIP protocols SIP and MGCP ports are blocked. In addition, reviewing internal network needs, a review of the network connectivity will be used to deliver VoIP should occur. Network connections should be over dedicated circuits if more than one phone call are to be supported, but the shared nature of other technologies such as ATM, Frame relay, and cable connections tend to cause quality issues that would not otherwise be noticed as a user utilizes the network (Bandwidth). Next, I will perform a complete business flow design. This is a frequently overlooked preparation item a Project Manager shouldShow MoreRelatedNetworking and Telecommunication: Ethernet: LAN and Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP)1057 Words   |  5 Pagesplanning to add another set of offices spanning several floors in the building. The company has requested advice for speed and transmission medium, equipment compatibility and limitations, IP Structure, along with the advantages and disadvantages of VoIP. The company is currently 200 employees and expects to increase to 350 within the next year. There is a mix of strictly in house employees, and roughly 70 who are laptop users and travel frequently. The company currently occupies a single floorRead MoreThe Business Goals For Voice Over Ip System1674 Words   |  7 Pagescommitted to provide the best in value, quality, and making sure the job gets done right and on time the first time. (Courtonecorp.com (2014)) Business Process Changes There’s a 10-step process that is use to know what is needed and to know about VoIP before buying and implementing it. (XO Communications, LLC (2011)) The steps to take care are: Step 1: Know the business goals for Voice-over-IP system. Recognizing firstly, is Court One Corporation business goals and to achieve with the changesRead MoreSteganography : A Hidden Message1637 Words   |  7 Pageswhich became very popular steganographic techniques. Now a days steganography is introduced in all the computer systems. Some steganographic techniques also consists of music notes, newspaper codes etc. 2. Different types of Steganography and implementation methods 2.1. Different types of steganography: There are mainly three different types of steganography protocols used they are Pure steganography, Secret key steganography and Public key steganography. Pure steganography is referred to as aRead MoreEssay about Riordan Manufacturing Wan And Legacy1081 Words   |  5 Pagesfrom Legacy to current design shows sources for which any problems may exist. Contributing information about the WAN includes the VoIP data router, satellite between headquarters and China, and T-1 connections between headquarters to both Georgia and Michigan. Many new technologies are available to help propel a business forward including Riordan. Many consider VoIP to be a new technology that has provided new uses for telephone systems. It has seen much technological advancement since its inceptionRead MoreCase Study I-2 Voip2.Biz, Inc.: Deciding on the Next Steps for a Voip Supplier1357 Words   |  6 PagesCASE STUDY I-2 VoIP2.biz, Inc.: Deciding on the Next Steps for a VoIP Supplier Lawrence R. Milkowski, President and CEO of VoIP2.biz, Inc., an Indianapolis-based start-up supplier of Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) telephony to the small and midsize business market, knew he had a difficult job ahead of him. It was Friday, June 23, 2006, and he had to prepare his recommendations on the next steps for his fledgling company to the board of directors at its meeting on Tuesday, June 27, 2006. WhileRead MorePublic Policy Goals For Ip Voice Services Haven1032 Words   |  5 PagesThe future of VOIP could also be formed by a lot of politics. As we ve seen, the various approaches of the EU and therefore the U.S. haven t made any form of neutral zone during which problems with VOIP readying will be adjudged solely on their technical deserves. In the U.S., the history of linking social and economic policies to a network–centric read of the globe has caused inevitable confusion as services become more and more application–centric. And up to date steps to accommodate public–policyRead MoreEssay about Skype Case Analysis1204 Words   |  5 PagesMeredith Currin October 30, 2012 BADM 468 Skype Case Analysis (1) VoIP represents a great opportunity for telecom service providers to develop flexible and responsive offerings. These services can be developed as premium services by fully using the strengths of the Internet or internal intranets. These services can also be developed to use efficiencies that the Internet and intranets offer that traditional networks and network providers do not. However, it is not all too easy. While currentRead MoreWan Design Final Project Essay833 Words   |  4 Pageseverything. Network Design The most logical network design for Acme Manufacturing would be a star topology, which would use CAT5 UTP. Using this cable would allow each location to have the ability to directly connect to headquarters and, with the implementation of a Virtual Private Network (VPN) that is configured with Layer Two Technology Protocol (L2TP) and IPSec for security, the sales and engineering departments located across the street will be able to communicate with headquarters. The new plantRead MoreSteganography Critical Review721 Words   |  3 Pages(Huang et al., 2011). Howbeit, Huang (2011) demonstrated a new algorithm he administered to (VOIP) inactive frames of low-bit audio streams, which could carry higher capacity payloads than previous algorithms. The algorithm used in the study demonstrated its suitability at embedding steganographic payloads into inactive low-bit audio streams compared to other algorithms (Huang et al., 2011). Huang focused on (VOIP) streams due to the escalation in recent years in live digital audio streams, which presentsRead MoreComputer Science At The University Of Arkansas At Little Rock1241 Words   |  5 Pagessegmented speech and extracted a number of features and applied Euclidean distance based pattern recognition approach as classifier to recognize speech in my native Bengali language. Other notable works during that timeframe includes the design and implementation of a 16 channel computer based logic analyzer to analyze logic state of a digital communication channel. It was capable to detect frequency up to 10 Mhz. The most difficult part in this project was USB interfacing between microcontroller and

Bullying media Free Essays

Our society functions under the assumption that certain individuals are more powerful than the others, thus, we have the play of powers in every human social interaction. The social strata of our country is an example that some individuals are more powerful than the rest. However power can either be a boon or bane to society depending upon how a person exercises his power. We will write a custom essay sample on Bullying media or any similar topic only for you Order Now Thus we have come to conclude that power is good when it is used for the benefit of many (deontology) and it becomes bad when it is used to suppress the rights of others or to render harm to those who can’t oppose it. In schools where students are viewed as individuals of the same status, there are some who exhibit bullying as a way to show authority. This may include intentional physical assault, verbal abuse and other means that causes harm to others. It has become a phenomenon in schools around the world and may cause stress, fatigue, trauma, injury and etc (Einarsen, et. al. 2002). The media has helped to highlight such misdemeanor and much information has been disseminated for the benefit of the parents, schools and social workers. Some schools have made programs to identify the bully and the victim for them to provide counseling sessions for the bully and personality development for the victim. These anti-bullying policies were designed to teach bullies of conflict resolution, negotiation skills, and impulse control the victims were given support and protection. Though this program generally aims to stop bullying, an article written by Robin Grille tells us that these program simply punish the bullies and fails to address the root cause of the problem. Since the program segregates the bully and the bullied, we discriminate on the bully as though he was the root cause of the problem. We blame him for the trouble when in fact there is a gargantuan of factors that should be considered before pointing the finger at the bully. Perhaps an understated fact in our plight to address bullying is that there are certain factors that affect the behavior of all human beings. In the case of bullies, studies show that those who come from authoritarian parenting which often entails spanking and closed doors for explanation and negotiation either becomes the bully or the bullied (Baldry, 1998). This is because children’s differ in the way they react to environments wherein they are subjected to pain or rendered powerless. Studies show that only 43% of hospitalized children due to parental abuse consider themselves as abused children (Berger. Et al. 1998). The rest thinks that they deserve the punishment; in turn they simply try not to commit the same mistake again. To elucidate on that matter, children who thinks that the physical harm that they received was a worthy punishment for their wrongs has tendencies to be bullied or to become the bully. If a parent spanks a child for every wrong that he has done, he would think that for him to correct the wrong doings of others it is acceptable for him to physically hurt other too for them to learn their lesson. As a consequence, those who become the victims or the bullied may think that they deserve being bullied because they aren’t strong enough or they did not do something right. Thus, they begin to justify bullying simply because their parents bully them in their households. It is then evident that the bully and the victim aren’t the only ones to be blamed for such behavior. The environment in the household which is dominated by the parents has much to play in the bullying phenomenon. Researches shows that those who admit that they were physically abused by their parents and openly protest against the act has lesser chances of tolerating cruelties. Since these children already have the concept of the wrongness of the act, they won’t tolerate being bullied or to bully other children (Berger. Et al. 1998). Psychology dictates that children imitate adults especially their parents. The most basic example of imitation is how parents teach their children how to speak. First words such as mommy and daddy are to be repeated by adults over and over for the child to copy. Same goes with other skills such as walking, eating and etcetera. Thus, children learn from society by imitating. If a child is exposed in an environment that tolerates violence then the child will in turn learn how to be violent and considers it as a norm (Strassman, 2007). A bully or the victim is an indication that the family in which they came from tolerates bullying or similar forms of abuse, punishment, and cruelties. Furthermore, in a book written by Gayle Macklem it is said that household environment strongly affects a child’s behavior since this is where he first imitates his social skills. Simple teasing which can be a form of bullying often occurs at home as older sisters and brother or even the parents themselves. Teasing mostly happens at school and study shows that 39% of students in the 2nd grade admit that they respond in a hostile manner when they are teased (Macklem, 2003). Simple form of teasing between brothers can be resolved by parents easily but those who use authoritarian parenting often use power to stop teasing without even discussing the root cause of the problem. This is effective in preventing physical harm, however this does not stop the cause of the problem and similar teasing would eventually occur. The best way that parents should do is to discuss the cause and let their children speak their minds without the use of verbal abuse. This can lead to a resolution and will then teach children how to settle conflicts in peaceful means. However, since parents today have lesser time for their children given that both have to work to support the family, most parents don’t have the time to discuss with their children the importance of settling their fight. Perhaps the worst thing that parents do is to further instigate a fight by heating up the teasing between siblings. Families belonging to the lower class or those who live in areas that where violence is high often view teasing as entertainment and a harmless act between sibling. This can be true however; teasing can often render emotional stress to children. They either seek for vengeance or become meek and withdraw from the world. With teasing as the most basic example of how a bully is shaped in the household, it is evident that parental intervention is needed. Thus we come into a conclusion that bullies are simply children who where also bullied at home. This further supports the argument of Robin Grille that bullies should not be the ones to be blamed for their behavior hence, it’s the parents ho are to be blamed. For a school program against bullying to work, it is important that we address the main cause of the issue and not just the after effects. Sure we can teach the bully how to handle stress and other skills to resolve conflicts in means that do not include physical injury and verbal abuse, but this is not the best way to resolve the problem. Since the cause of bullying is rooted at home, we should look into the families and perhaps try to address the problem from the source. It is best for schools to include parents in the counseling sessions to address bullying at home rather than waste their efforts in transforming the bully into a harmless individual which will eventually become futile since we send the child back to the environment that shapes bullies. If we really want to address bullying then we must go to the root cause, and in that case, it is the family upon which the emotions of the child is first molded. Perhaps in this way we can directly pinpoint the source of the emotional distress in the child and the family. However one setback of this is that the school may find it difficult to contact parents and make them come to school for a scheduled interview. This is a tedious process and may require ample amount of time to properly get to the root cause. However if this country is really determined to stop bullying then these measures should be undertaken to make sure that school environments are safe for their children. This would in turn foster proper learning and better social skills for their children. Since society now place much value on emotional intelligence, we must make sure that our children is emotionally stable and that should start at home with their parents as the role models. Reference Baldry, AC Farrington DP (1998) Parenting Influences on Bullying and Victimisation Journal of Legal and Criminological Psychology Vol 3(2) pp. 237-254 Berger, A. et al (1988) The Self-Report of Punitive Childhood Experiences of Young Adults and Adolescents Child Abuse and Neglect Vol 12 pp. 251-262 Einarsen, S. et. al. (2002) Bullying an Emotional Abuse in the Workplace. London Strassman, J. (2007). How to Defuse Aggressive Behavior in Kids. Date accessed November 28, 2007. http://www. parenthood. com/articles. html? article_id=3833 Macklem, G. L. (2003) Bullying and Teasing: Social Power in child How to cite Bullying media, Papers

Artist free essay sample

Russian- Israeli artist who works mainly with a palette-knife instead of regular brushes and oils. He was born on July 12, 1955. He graduated from Vittles Art School and he was one of the elite members of that school. He developed his own unique technique and style. He Is mainly known as being a self-representing artist because he sells and promotes his work over the Internet. He was a struggling artist because he couldnt sell his paintings before the advancement of online sales and eBay.A couple of reasons he stuck out to me are: he paints very colorful, he rates vivid scenes full of bright colors and watery reflections, and the brightness to make his paintings positive and joyous. Leonie Forearm was a modern impressionistic artist. Impressionism is a 19th century art movement that originated with a group of Paris-based artists. He was born in the same town as Marc Chalk in Vittles, Belabors and lived there until 1990. We will write a custom essay sample on Artist or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Marc Chalk later became Foremost role model. Then, Forearm lived in Israel between 1990 and 2002, from 2002 to 2010, In Florida, and now, he resides In Mexico.Forearm did painting with oil and palette-knife. He paints mainly landscape, seascapes, landscapes, city scenes, flowers, and portraits. He loves cats and other animals. He also has painted many paintings of cats, dogs, horses, tigers, and giraffes. HIS paintings are extremely colorful, lovely, and professional. Palette-knife Is incredibly difficult to master. It took Leonie 10 years to improve his palette-knife handling skill. He has become well known for his distinctive style. Forearm attended all the possible art classes offered in his school and also took riveter lessons from local artists.He was admitted in Vittles Education Institute where he studied arts and graphics after he graduated with honor from high school in Vittles. He was introduced and later was influenced to the work of March Chalk and Mandolin. His early artistic work was very influenced by them two. Then when he moved to Israel, he met and became friends with Leonie Potashs, an Israeli Jazz musician, who Inspired Forearm to paint a collection of portraits of popular Jazz musicians. Forearm then painted dozens of his favorite musicians.Leon Forearm Interests me because of his unique palette-knife technique that Is very hard to become skilled at and each of his paintings bring different moods, colors, and emotions. Scenery and nature always inspires me so I chose the right artist. He expresses the beauty of this world in his paintings and his paintings look so real, words cant explain the beauty of his paintings. Forearm wants the viewer to see the world the way he sees it. He has traveled a lot and has taken numerous pictures of different scenes that he later painted. His art can be reflected as very positive because of the bright colors he uses. Im going to use Lionesss work to inspire my dinnerware set. Im going to use bright colors and make a colorful scene to make my work astonishing Like his. He Inspires me to work hard on my work and to be creative. His own unique technique and style. He is mainly known as being a self-representing artist because he sells and promotes his work over the internet. He was a struggling artist because he couldnt sell his paintings before the advancement of online sales sake his paintings positive and Joyous.

NIKE market analysis Essay Example

NIKE market analysis Essay NIKKEI is an America company which is headquartered in the Portland metropolitan area. NIKKEI original know as Blue Ribbon Sport (BRB), it was found by University of Oregon in January 1 964 as a distributed and officially became Nikkei in 1978. NIKKEI produces a wide range of sport equipment- specially footwear products. Their first products is track running shoes. They sell an assortment of product to activities as football, running Nikkei also well know and popular in youth cultural and hip hop cultural for their supplying Of urban fashion clothing. In December 201 3, the profit of Nikkei shoes increase to 13 percent, proportional to $10. 4 billion. Nikkei has contract with more than 700 shops in around the world and 45 country outside the United State. Internal source of marketing information Four sources of internal marketing data: 1. Leaderships effectiveness(Phil Knight) Relevance: High: Phil Knight, known as the CEO of Nikkei shoes, has a great identity association. He always want Nikkei to win, his sacrifice, genuine love, and endless passion towards this brand is effectiveness on his employee, workers. Timeline and currency/accuracy: High. Phil Knight is an open mind person. He always update his new ideas and isnt conservative. 2. Feedback from customer via opinion surveys: We will write a custom essay sample on NIKE market analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on NIKE market analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on NIKE market analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Relevance: High. Nikkei provides to customers what information they need. Therefore, the customers satisfied with that. Timeline: High. Nikkei can collect customers comment and feedback quickly and easily. Accuracy/currency: Medium. The currency can be right but the accuracy isnt really right because of they may just have an answer quickly but not really care about its right or wrong. Reliability: Medium. The qualitative is answered to find the problems. The answer would be common and not really useful because Of perfunctory answers. 3. Accounting and Income Statement Relevance: High. It makes decision for the recently sales activities. Help to make marketing plan Timeline: High. Up to date information, monthly report and yearly income statement Currency/accuracy: High. Using numerical to prove its accurate Cost-effectiveness: High. Easy to provides and prove the information data. Reliability. High. Sing report, data, and number. 4. Distributors Relevance: High. The main places provide products and perform the sales activities. Timeline: High. Keeping update the new styles Cost-effectiveness: Medium. High commission. External sources of marketing information Four sources of marketing information: 1. Market intelligence reports: Relevance and timeline: High. Have enough conditions to make a market intelligence report. Currency/accuracy: High. The report are currency. Data and numerical are used to prove its accurate Cost-effectiveness: high. Cheap to write a market intelligence report Reliability: High. It has showed the data and enough information for a market intelligence report. 2. Competitors activities: Relevance: High. The change in quality, price Of competitors product is directly effect on our company. Currency/accuracy: Medium. The current information doesnt show that, it just can be hear when the competitors had changed. Cost-effectiveness: High. It make a change in cost of sale and erectly effect on the company. 3. Economics changes Relevance: Medium. The change in economic is effect to Nines organization but the demand of sport is still going on. 4. Legal/Political: Relevance: High. All the rule and ethical have to follow the local legal/political. Currency/accuracy: It has to follow all the time. Internal Influence Nikkei has a brand prestige especially among athletes and sport person. This company which later became a brand was started by Bill Borrower and Phil Knight as they were able to make out that there was a problem in the sports and athletes appearance. Since it was not that early to say for them bringing wow fingers together, they manufactured/created their goods on the basis of some special criteria. And as co-founder Bill Borrower once said, If you have a body, you are an athlete. Jumping on to the current situation/market, Nikkei is one of the finest brand which manufactures sports goods. Nikkei is the largest seller of athletic footwear and apparel in the world. It employs more than 33,000 people, internationally. Nikkei sells products in more than 180 countries around the world; it reported revenues of $19. 2 billion for the fiscal year ending May 31, 2009. Nikkei designs and sells products in three main product lines; footwear, apparel and equipment. The products are manufactured in approximately 600 contracted factories in 46 countries around the globe. Nines mission statement is to bring the inspiration and innovation for every athlete in this world. Apparently, Nikkei has become worlds leading innovator in athletic footwear, apparel, equipment and accessories. Internal influences for Nikkei are pointed and described below: 1. Product: Nikkei has a large diversity in sportswear and products. Their targeted mass is sport and athlete people. They are pretty much focused on their quality of goods what they manufacture. Nikkei deals With the issues and concerns regarding their products by obeying its customer centric strategy. They have a quite descent return and exchange policies. 2. Management: The management of the Nikkei brand is really customer focused. Nikkei has more than 30,000 employees in 170 countries. With leadership positions in established markets like the U. S. And the Western Europe and in the emerging markets like China and Brazil, the management believes that they have tremendous and unique area to grow. They often give recognition to its employees for outstanding work. 3. Location: As mentioned above Nikkei is present in more than 1 70 countries. They believe in disrupting the distances between them and the customers. Apparently, Nikkei is emerging as one of the stupendous sportswear in the Asian market too. Since they are providing really an effective service, soon they would be becoming the top company of sportswear. External Influence External influence for Nikkei are pointed and described below: 1. Economical: In the world, the economy experience economics cycles. These cycles include booms and busts because economy experience higher level of the employment. They may be so confident in their sales that they may increase the price of the items to gets more profits. . Competitors: As we know in the modern era, competitions levels are increasing day by day. These competitive situations consumers because with competitions in a market there will be a greater range of goods for consumers. Its goods for the customers because they get more variety of the choice they want goods or service. 3. Governments: As we know these are three levels of the government which are federal, state and local. 4. Federal government deals mainly important part such as tax, they can see taxes are being paid and also checks to the business are running in according to the customs regulations. . States government deal with lower case issues such as workers rights and responsibilities such as oral history society requirements and making sure business are according by the state laws. 6. Social influence: social influence is playing vital role in our business. For examples: time goes on peoples taste in the fashion and trends will change. In the others hand business makes more profit because they lunched new fashions and trends. Promoting ethic and social responsible Ethical Marketer Behavior To promote the ethical marketing behavior in our Nikkei shoe company we enact a rewards system. For example- when an employee acts or do work ethically even at a personal cost then we give him/her a reward. In return it will help us because through this we motivate the employees and through motivation they give their best to their work for getting reward. Secondly, it also helps in increasing employment sector, more and more employees want to work in our organization. Socially marketing behavior Every organization have responsibility toward society, and our organization also have like our organization do the production of shoes and for its production there is need of machines to make the cotton or stuff for shoe which may affect environment, as we have responsibility toward society so we ignore the machines and get more and more work by employees. It will help in our organization to get good reputation in society by providing more employment and by having environment friendly relation, and because of this the customers get attracted and our sales of shoes increase. Consumer Behavior First of all we should know the meaning of consumer behavior-it is the study of individual or organization and the processes they use to secure or satisfy the needs and these have the impact on consumer and society. Every consumer want to satisfy his/her desire. As we know that today everyone want to show themselves by wearing branded and good quality of clothes, shoes etc. Our organization attract the customers by the quality and by the marketing schemes. Consumers help the firm to improve the marketing strategies. The use of social responsibility initiatives to influence consumers has become common. The growing body of marketing manipulates the consumers perceptions of motivation and social initiatives. The marketing scheme influence a lot to buyer, our marketing scheme is that we give account, provide good customer service, and have the online site to buy our product. The prices of our Nikkei shoes are affordable, anyone can afford to buy this.

Why I became an independent book designer Reedsy

Why I became an independent book designer Reedsy The success story of an independent book designer: An interview with Mark Ecob Have you done much work with independent authors? If so, is there anything different about it?Loads. When I started my company, I made it my business to seek that kind of brief in an ever-changing publishing landscape. Now, a good proportion of my work is for independents, self-publishing platforms or ventures like Unbound who bring books to readers in new ways.It’s definitely simpler and you’re given greater freedom. The best independent authors are receptive to industry expertise, which still has a massive part to play.It’s also very rewarding to know that the work you do can bring someone’s book to life, and hopefully success. In a large publishing house, I felt disconnected from the authors. Now I work directly with them, I’ve realised why I do what I do.Thanks for your time Mark.Check out other #freelancerfriday interviews on our blog!Have a look at Mark Ecob’s profile on Reedsy, or even ask him for a quote!

Alcohol Abuse

Alcohol Abuse Essay Alcohol Abuse Essay Alcohol is liquid distilled product of fermented fruits, grains and vegetables used as solvent, antiseptic and sedative moderate potential for abuse. Possible effects are intoxication, sensory alteration, and/or anxiety reduction. Symptoms of overdose staggering, odour of alcohol on breath, loss of coordination, slurred speech, dilated pupils, fetal alcohol syndrome (in babies), and/or nerve and liver damage. Withdrawal Syndrome is first sweating, tremors, then altered perception, followed by psychosis, fear, and finally auditory hallucinations. Indications of possible mis-use are confusion, disorientation, loss of motor nerve control, convulsions, shock, shallow respiration, involuntary defecation, drowsiness, respiratory depression and possible death. Alcohol is also known as: Booze, Juice, Brew, Vino, Sauce. You probably know why alcohol is abused some reasons are relaxation, sociability, and cheap high. But did you know that alcohol is a depressant that decreases the responses of the central nervous system. Excessive drinking can cause liver damage and psychotic behaviour. As little as two beers or drinks can impair coordination and thinking. Alcohol is often used by substance abusers to enhance the effects of other drugs. Alcohol continues to be the most frequently abused substance among young adults. HERE ARE SOME STRAIGHT FACTS ABOUT ALCOHOL.? Alcohol abuse is a pattern of problem drinking that results in health consequences, social, problems, or both. However, alcohol dependence, or alcoholism, refers to a disease that is characterized by abnormal alcohol-seeking behaviour that leads to impaired control over drinking. Short-term effects of alcohol use include: -Distorted vision, hearing, and coordination -Altered perceptions and emotions -Impaired judgment -Bad breath; hangovers Long-term effects of heavy alcohol use include: -Loss of appetite -Vitamin deficiencies -Stomach ailments -Skin problems -Sexual impotence -Liver damage -Heart and central nervous system damage -Memory loss Here are some quick clues to know if I, or someone close, has a drinking problem: -Inability to control drinkingit seems that regardless of what you decide beforehand, you frequently wind up drunk -Using alcohol to escape problems -A change in personalityturning from Dr. Jekyll to Mr. Hyde -A high tolerance leveldrinking just about everybody under the table -Blackoutssometimes not remembering what happened while drinking -Problems at work or in school as a result of drinking -Concern shown by family and friends about drinking If you have a drinking problem, or if you suspect you have a drinking problem, there are many others out there like you, and there is help available. You could talk to school counsellor, a friend, or a parent. Excessive alcohol consumption causes more than 100,000 deaths annually in the United States, and although the number shows little sign of declining, the rate per 100,000 population has trended down since the early 1980s. Accidents, mostly due to drunken driving, accounted for 24 percent of these deaths in 1992. Alcohol-related homicide and suicide accounted for 11 and 8 percent respectively. Certain types of cancer that are partly attributable to alcohol, such as those of the esophageus, larynx, and oral cavity, contributed another 17 percent. About 9 percent is due to alcohol-related stroke. One of the most important contributors to alcohol-related deaths is a group of 12 ailments wholly caused by alcohol, among which alcoholic cirrhosis of the liver and alcohol dependence syndrome are the most important. These 12 ailments together accounted for 18 percent of the total alcohol-related deaths in 1992. Mortality due to the 12 causes rises steeply into late middle age range and then declines markedly, with those 85 and over being at less than one-sixth the risk of 55 to 64-year olds. The most reliable data are for the 12 conditions wholly attributable to alcohol. The map shows these data for all people 35 and over. READ: Review Of On-Line Publications Essay PaperThe geographical distribution for men and women follows much the same pattern, although men are three times as likely to die of one of the 12 alcohol-induced ailments. The geographical distribution for whites and blacks follows roughly the same pattern but the rates for blacks are two and half times higher. In the late nineteenth century blacks, who were then far more abstemious than whites, were strong supporters of the temperance movement, but the movement in the South was taken over by whites bent on disenfranchising black people by any means possible, such .

Discussion Questions III Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discussion Questions III - Essay Example The effectiveness depends on the strength of understanding and ability to influence and achieve. â€Å"Strategies for communication and influence need to be rooted in a detailed, context-specific understanding of both the behavioral patterns and the underlying cultural values of those with whom we want to engage. Recognition of this is a vital first step for professionals†¦ who want to exert influence upon and engage with others across the globe.† (Dr Mooij, 2009) Negotiations are an important part of conducting business to arrive at mutually acceptable decisions or resolve issues where participants hold differences of opinion or objectives. But, â€Å"operating across national cultures often magnifies negotiation problems† (Hendon, 1999, p.16) due to differences in interpreting the subtle languages of time, space and other concepts. Apart from culture, the ability to negotiate is also affected by emotions, and body language is interpreted differently in different cultures. Take the simple action of a friendly handshake for example. Like the Germans, Americans tend to shake hands forcefully, but â€Å"in some parts of Europe a handshake is usually quick and to the point† (ibid, p.70) and the Asian handshake may be limp. Asians might interpret an American handshake as being â€Å"too abrupt and heavy-handed† (ibid) whereas an American may consider the less firm handshake as a sign of being unassertive. Spatial concepts dictate greeting rituals, the size of one’s personal ‘comfort zone’, eye contact, acceptable seating arrangements, and so on, all of which differ between cultures. Concerning time, this is something that is followed more strictly in a fast paced country like America than it is in many other countries of the world. The typical western mode of thinking perceives the concept of time as linear and sequential rather than cyclic and simultaneous. Thus, the negotiating style for someone having the former perception

Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Human Resource Management - Essay Example The process must begin with planning and preparing the entire infrastructure needed for the auditing process. This is important for identifying the existing levels of skills in the organization. Following this, the organization must strive to set skill targets against its long term goals and objectives. For this it needs to forecast the skill demands in the organization for various work processes in future. Comparing the target skill requirements against the existing skill levels in the organization reflects the actual measure of skill gaps. Shortfall in skill levels in the organization must be complimented with either training the existing employees to enhance their performance and productivity in the organization. The skill gap can also be met up by recruiting fresh candidates on new skill requirements as per the long term strategies of the organization (Pravin, 2010, p.123). Actions and documents for correct recruitment procedures The criterion for a strong recruitment procedure i n the organization is to recruit the right candidates in the organization and at the right time and position. The process must begin with writing the job description or the job specification. This is crucial to understand the exact needs and requirements of the job. The purpose, responsibilities and tasks associated with the job are the most crucial components of a proper job description. In this context the scope of the job is also important, i.e., expanding on the primary tasks and activities and importance of the job in the organization. This must be followed by the person specification or the detailing of skills, attributes and knowledge associated with the job. It is crucial to mention the types of experience needed in the job; the necessary competencies, education and requirements in the job. The person recruited must be evaluated on his future potential and prospects in the organization along with the present requirements. The next stage is to give consideration to the pay ra tes associated with the job. Factors like grades, scales, skills availability, market rates, and negotiated agreements must be considered. The organization must be careful about discrimination legislations. The final and the most crucial part are attracting the candidates. This can be done through internal recruitments, by providing promotional and training opportunities to existing employees. Recruitments can also be conducted through commercial recruitment agencies, in cases large scale candidates are required and internal hiring is not sufficient to meet the purpose. Using the internet as an active source of finding candidates can be extremely effective and useful as majority of the labour force attains recruitment information from the internet. It is also easy to access the talents across the globe through this medium. It can be mainly effective in technical and graduate level jobs as it can target a selected group of candidates with the requisite qualification and experience in stantly (Staffing.org, 2012). After deciding the channels of recruitment, it is important to design the advertisement for attracting candidates. This includes providing the various details for the position, contact number etc. Finally the candidates shortlisted through their

My Antonia and Huckleberry Finn Essay Example for Free

My Antonia and Huckleberry Finn Essay Characters from various books that may or may not have anything to do with one another can be similar and different in many ways. Huckleberry Finn from The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain, and Antonia Shimerda from My Antonia by Willa Cather are similar in a variety of ways, however they have important differences. Huckleberry Finn is always ready to go on any type of adventure with his best friend Tom Sawyer. Also, the pair are extremely superstitious. Huck is discriminated against for a myriad of reasons. Some being, he is the son of the town drunk, so the adults frown upon him. Because of his father’s lifestyle he is basically an orphan, he has to find his own food, clothes, and a place to sleep. He also does not attend church or school. Opposite to that, the boys of the town envy him for his freedom and lack of discipline. The Widow Douglass who lives in town offers Huck a place to stay. She says he can live in her house, and with the money from the treasure he and Tom found she would be able to support him. Tom encouraged Huck to take advantage of this offer while he could. This was a hard decision for Huck to make because he is not willing to give up his independence that he is accustomed to. He lives with the widow for a short period of time then decides he enjoys being on his own and is willing to face the hardships of life by himself to maintain his freedom. Antonia Shimerda is extremely generous and optimistic. Through the hardships of immigrating to America from Bohemia, her father committing suicide, and her fiance leaving her before they get married, and at this time she is pregnant, she never looses hope. She looks for the best in every situation and tries to find a solution for everything. Everyday she has to face racial and gender discrimination. She is judged brutally by the townspeople because of her love for dance. Her and her family, which now consists of her mother, brothers and sisters, have to face the difficulties of life after the death of their father along with the difficulties of living in a new country. Her and her family are living in poverty, and are trying extremely hard just to survive. Later, Antonia works as a servant. Her boss does not like her habit of attending the dances she enjoys going to. He threatens to fire her if she continues to attend these dances. She loves her independence too much to let someone take it away. So she works for a brutal boss and suffers so she can have her independence and go to her dances. Huckleberry Finn and Antonia Shimerda have many similarities and differences. They have very different characteristics, however they both face many hardships, discrimination on a daily basis, and they both value their independence a lot that they would rather live harder lives so they can be independent.

Causes Of World War I :: Papers

Causes Of World War I There were many reasons for the beginning of World War 1. Both small and large events contributed to war and it was impossible to control the situation in anyway. Tension was a very large contributor to war. Also there was the murder of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, which sparked major issues between Austria and Serbia. No one really understood the reason for the beginning of war or why the countries were fighting. In some cases, you could say that no one was to blame and that war was inevitable. In 1904, an alliance was signed between Britain and France and few years later, Russia, too, joined the alliance. This was to be known as the Triple Entente. Ten years later, the six larger countries had been divided into two alliances. Germany, Austria- Hungary and Italy had formed the Triple Alliance. There were many predominant tensions between specific countries such as Britain- Germany, Russia- Germany, and France- Germany. Germany was a main source of tension between the two alliances due to the arms build up and the strength of Germany as a single power. Within the alliances, each member was made to promise that if an ally was ever in trouble, that they would always help that particular country and help. There were many tensions between people and there wasn't much trust at all. When Germany took the important industrial area of Alsace-Lorraine France in 1871, France showed resentment towards Germany and was trying to form an ally with someone to finally get revenge on Germany. And in 1894 this occurred and France formed an alliance with Russia. France was determined to get revenge on Germany and rightfully get back their land of Alsace-Lorraine. Kaiser Wilhelm 2nd, had always wanted Germany to be a strong power like Britain, but he wanted more power than the British. The German leaders were worried because of the positioning of the two powers in the Triple Alliance. France and Russia were either side of Germany and this was known as 'encirclement'.

Reflection paper in foundation of special education Essay

Taking up this course had freshened up what I learned from undergrad class. Even though we have already taken this subject before, it’s not bad to rush back with this, especially with the fact that I forgot some of the information I got from my previous school days. Then the world is constantly changing, the economy, government, other industries and of course the field of education. Being updated is the best way to be actively involved with these changes. Thus, this subject is a big step to move on to the next level of complexity. Closing of first semester is nearly coming and I learned a lot from this subject. It elucidates some of the questions I have before when I was teaching special children. Well, I do have ideas but it helps me to understand it further. It also informed me with the new laws for special education which really one of the things that a sped teacher must know. New strategies would never be left out from what I learned. Knowing about it would help me to improve my teaching skills. I have learned terms that we haven’t discuss before that promotes more understanding of special education. Anyway, I love listening from the first hand experience of the reporters, in this way I can relate more with the topic. I just realized that previously we are dependent with the books or other references but now we have exclusive experience to base on. Thus, we can explain further our reports in the class. It’s a good thing because we are sharing ideas as well as we help each other in solving certain classroom situation. Teaching skills of our professor is excellent, nothing to complain. I just observed that we often have a problem in borrowing projector from the office. We can’t deny that technology has a big influence nowadays. Of course, we can’t buy our own projector which is too expensive, except for those who have big salary. But I hope there will be additional of it in the office, so there will be more chances for others to borrow. I would also like to suggest to compile all the topics of the reporters before the reporting will start. We could put it in just a short folder and fastened it, so it would not be costly. Then in each topic there will be at least questions that we could answer after the class or at home. Not literally a recorded quiz but just an exercise activity or a reviewer. I know it is an additional work but I think it would help to improve the course. I enjoyed interacting with this class. I gained learnings and I shared experience. Therefore, I become more involved in the field of special education.

Rich Brother – Loyal to a Fault

Pete: Loyal to a Fault â€Å"The Rich Brother,† by Tobias Wolff is the story of two brothers that from all accounts couldn’t be more different. Pete, the elder brother, is the epitome of the American Dream. He has worked hard and become an entrepreneur, has a wife and kids, and even brags about an ocean view from his home. Donald is completely opposite. He is for the most part unemployed, and although he is a spiritual person, he has been unable to find the right fit for his spirituality and bounced from religion to religion. The Rich Brother,† begins at the end of Donald’s most recent search for spirituality when he must call his brother, Pete, knowing that Pete cannot deny his brother’s need for help yet again, and asks to be picked up from the communal farm where he had been living. Throughout the story the reader sees numerous examples of Pete’s sense of responsibility toward his brother, his love and his dedication for family; however, Pe te’s dominant characteristic is that he is loyal to a fault, making him an enabler of his brother’s childish ways at the same time allowing himself to be taken advantage of.The first evidence the reader has of Pete’s loyalty to his family and Donald occurs within the first few paragraphs when the reader finds out that after Donald fails to find his way living in an Ashram as a Hindu, Pete paid his extensive medical bills from an undiagnosed case of hepatitis. As adults in the â€Å"real world,† we are expect to take responsibility for our own actions by both learning from a less than ideal life experience and paying back a debt, whether through finances or with a change in future behavior.Donald doesn’t see it that way though, and appears to have no sense of the value of money and how tough it was for Pete to earn it. He also lacks the physical capability to pay his brother back because before Pete is even finished paying off Donald’s bills he has found Christianity and joined a pentecostal community and begun to speak his new truth in tongues. Donald knows that Pete will again bail him out the next time as he had done before.It is just a bit further into the story that we see Pete allow his loyalty to open himself up again to be taken advantage of when Donald demonstrates his lack of life skills, affecting the quality of life for others on the farm. This results in his being asked to leave the farm. Rather than work things out for himself, Donald calls Pete, knowing he can count on his brother for assistance to out of Paso Robles. It is no surprise that Pete’s immediate response is to state that his brother will come live with his wife and family while Donald gets on his feet.Additionally, Pete ends up driving a number of hours from Santa Cruz to physically pick his brother up because past experiences in loaning money to Donald and that of the Ashram in Berkeley, have taught Pete that simply giving Donald money is a no win situation. Donald’s non-existent life skills combined with Pete’s inability to create boundaries with his brother by saying, â€Å"no† is just another occurrence of Pete believing he is helping even though, it may not be the right thing to do for Donald in the long term.Again and again Pete’s unrelenting loyalty removes any need for Donald to fully act like an adult. Upon arriving at the gas station, Donald immediately requests money for food he has purchased, food he has consumed knowing he is unable to pay for it. Without a second thought Pete opens his wallet and produces $100, far more money than is actually owed. When Donald tries to give some of it back to his brother, Pete says, â€Å"I can’t keep track of all these nickels and dimes. Just pay me back when your ship comes in.Go on – take it! † (615). These are perhaps words parents might use with their college age child to ensure their child has enough to get them through a tough time, maybe a week during school exams or something. A parent knows that the money is not going to be paid back, just as Pete knows Donald will never pay the money back to him. This situation reinforces the idea that Pete enables Donald to take advantage of him. Just as history repeats itself, so does the cycle that is Pete and Donald.Donald once again takes advantage of his brother’s loyalty when on the drive home from the farm the brothers pick up Webster, a hitchhiker and conman. Webster spins a tale too good to be true but Donald can’t see anything other than dollar signs when Webster offers him a share in his gold mine in Peru. Pete, as most adults would have, can see the scam through Webster’s tale immediately and tries to help Donald see the truth by offering up multiple snarky comments and direct questions for Webster to answer. It’s just not enough though as Donald gives away Pete’s $100 to Webster in good faith for a share in the mine.This is a much larger issue than the fact that Donald just gave away Pete’s money and feels justified and blameless. The other issue is Pete’s – past experience should have taught Pete that Donald is incapable of understanding the value of other people’s money or material items, which is part of the reason he was asked to leave the farm. Throughout â€Å"The Rich Brother† there are so many examples of Pete being loyal to a fault, but none are as telling as when Pete and Donald argue over the money Donald has given away.The brothers fight until they can’t come to any option other than that Donald needs to get out of the car immediately at night in the middle of no where, effectively ending their co-dependent sibling relationship. By this point in life Pete should have realized that leaving Donald figure things out for himself may be the better alternative, but he just can’t. He is too loyal. Pete can’t even bear the idea of telling his wife that he left his brother along the side of the road with no where to turn.He can’t even kid himself – Pete knows that he is going to turn around and once again pick up the pieces of Donald’s mess, which will enable the cycle to repeat endlessly. All of these events lead one to wonder if Pete is a man driven by guilt. Is there any other reason that Pete, a reasonably successful man would allow himself to be taken advantage of and manipulated so often by Donald? The reader sees this manipulation when Donald questions Pete about why he has a new Mercedes, and why he chooses to skydive, all very expensive things, leaving Pete guiltily defending his choices to enjoy his success.Pete may also suffer from guilt for mistreating Donald after he underwent some sort of surgery as a child, a story that Donald adamantly recounts to Pete even though many years have passed and Pete isn’t even sure the events ever happened. Additionally, Pete av oids incurring any additional guilt on behalf of Donald by taking care of all of his needs as their mother did before she passed; a similar thought process for Pete as he doesn’t want to imagine the shame he will feel when he tells his wife why Donald is not with him.By the end of the story the reader can confidently assume that not only will Pete pick up Donald’s pieces but that he will once again put them back together for Donald, even though the best thing Pete could do for Donald would be to step back and allow Donald to take adult responsibility and find a way to put his own pieces back together, but, because absolute loyalty it is part of Pete’s nature it is also his biggest fault when dealing with his brother.

Names and Functions of Chemical Elements in Fireworks

Names and Functions of Chemical Elements in Fireworks Fireworks are a traditional part of many celebrations, including Independence Day. There is a lot of physics and chemistry involved in making fireworks. Their colors come from the different temperatures of hot, glowing metals and from the light emitted by burning chemical compounds. Chemical reactions propel them and burst them into special shapes. Heres an element-by-element look at what is involved in your average firework. Components in Fireworks Aluminum: Aluminum is used to produce silver and white flames and sparks. It is a common component of sparklers. Antimony: Antimony is used to create firework glitter effects. Barium: Barium is used to create green colors in fireworks, and it can also help stabilize other volatile elements. Calcium: Calcium is used to deepen firework colors. Calcium salts produce orange fireworks. Carbon: Carbon is one of the main components of black powder, which is used as a propellant in fireworks. Carbon provides the fuel for a firework. Common forms include carbon black, sugar, or starch. Chlorine: Chlorine is an important component of many oxidizers in fireworks. Several of the metal salts that produce colors contain chlorine. Copper: Copper compounds produce blue colors in fireworks. Iron: Iron is used to produce sparks. The heat of the metal determines the color of the sparks. Lithium: Lithium is a metal that is used to impart a red color to fireworks. Lithium carbonate, in particular, is a common colorant. Magnesium: Magnesium burns a very bright white, so it is used to add white sparks or improve the overall brilliance of a firework. Oxygen: Fireworks include oxidizers, which are substances that produce oxygen in order for burning to occur. The oxidizers are usually nitrates, chlorates, or perchlorates. Sometimes the same substance is used to provide oxygen and color. Phosphorus: Phosphorus burns spontaneously in air and is also responsible for some glow-in-the-dark effects. It may be a component of a fireworks fuel. Potassium: Potassium helps to oxidize firework mixtures. Potassium nitrate, potassium chlorate, and potassium perchlorate are all important oxidizers. Sodium: Sodium imparts a gold or yellow color to fireworks, however, the color may be so bright that it masks less intense colors. Sulfur: Sulfur is a component of black powder. It is found in a fireworks propellant/fuel. Strontium: Strontium salts impart a red color to fireworks. Strontium compounds are also important for stabilizing fireworks mixtures. Titanium: Titanium metal can be burned as powder or flakes to produce silver sparks. Zinc: Zinc is used to create smoke effects for fireworks and other pyrotechnic devices.

Unforgettable Place Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Unforgettable Place - Essay Example Add to that, the cattle that reside on it are also one of the reasons why I frequent my father’s farm every now and then. Since I am young, being 22 years of age at present, my father has not given me the permission to call the shots as far as managing his farm is concerned. However I am sure that seeing my excitement at reaching his farm and with involvement that comes quite naturally to me, he will ask me one day to take over the reigns of the farm. This farm is unique because it has a number of trees within it. There is also a small house that my father has built so that we can spend the night over and enjoy the cool breeze that sweeps across the farm. I absolutely cherish the idea of spending nights at the farm because it is indeed one of my favorite pastimes. My happiness knows no bounds when my friends are given the permission to spend time with my family on my father’s farm. It is like a nightly picnic that my father allows once every 4 months or so. This unforgettable place however has its limitations as well. There is electricity but it keeps coming back and forth. Then there is the issue of a lot of mosquitoes which attack the individuals who are sleeping at night inside. Often times, with the permission of my father, I have spent a good amount of the night on the roof top of the house built on one side of the farm. But more often than not, we had to call it quits because the mosquitoes had a better army to destroy our fun and enjoyment. This farm is indeed very special and important for me. The biggest reason is that it is ours and no one can claim it to be theirs. Moreover, I have spent some of the best moments of my life at my father’s farm, thus making it an automatic choice to become the favorite place to be at any point in time. I have often dreamt of being at my father’s farm during the night and have told my father about what I saw. He appreciates my love for the farm yet disallows me from visiting it regularly. He believes

Response to the three students with no more than 80 words with at Coursework

Response to the three students with no more than 80 words with at least 2 references for each response - Coursework Example Worse of all, there was no reference list and a couple of grammatical mistakes. It is said that in the comparison of leaders to show evolution of leadership, fallouts done in the comparison of the leadership attributes exhibited by the various leaders hinders the success of the whole comparison (Herman, 2000). This is because there ought to be comparison so that the real moments of evolution can be identified but this was lacking in the student’s presentation. Even more, the student presented his dates in a descending order instead of ascending order to give a clear link between the leaders. Clearly, dates do not flow in descending orders (Almah, 2008). The writer did a great job by linking the personal attributes and natures of the leaders to their leadership reign and this brought out a great sense of the leadership styles practiced by the leaders. This has always remained an important practice in the comparison of leaders for evolution of leadership (Amahe, 2011). The writer could however have widened his search of leadership database to include leaders from different backgrounds instead of two leaders from United States presidential background. Once this is done, the comparison lacks dynamism (Grey,

Honours Analysis Math Problem Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Honours Analysis - Math Problem Example Characterizing of the Cantor set in terms of ternary is done when a real number from the closed real interval [0, 1] belongs to Cantor set with a ternary expansion containing digits 0 and 2. To construct this expansion, one has to consider the points in closed real interval [0, 1] in terms of base 3 notation. When constructing the Cantor Middle Third set, we start with the interval [0, 1] removing the middle thirds , this leaves [0,1/3] [2/3,1].The next step is to also remove the middle thirds (1/9, 2/9) and (7/9, 8/9) from the remaining two intervals. This process is repeated continuously. From the results, we can note that all the endpoints remain, which are the Cantor set. The total length of the intervals removed in the construction of the Cantor set can be determined as follows. From interval [0, 1] we first remove a middle third interval 1/3 second step we remove two middle intervals of 1/9. We continue with the process so that at the nth stage we remove 2n-1 intervals with the length 3-n. The total sum of the removed intervals is It can be proven that the Cantor set is perfect and totally disconnected. In this case, x and y are two distinct points in the cantor set. Since x ≠  y therefore │x - y│>. As we can see there is a natural number N that exists in the interval. Next we identify that Cantor set ⠫‹ Ck for all k, such that x, y Ck. For each 2N disjoint closed interval from CN there is. Therefore, x and y are inside distinct closed intervals in CN. The two intervals should have an open interval between them, which is not part of the Cantor set otherwise this would be a single closed interval. The chosen point can be represented by z, therefore z Cantor set and it is between x and y. (Gordon, 1994, p. 301) If we put f in its inverse: If x Q, then also - x Q. therefore f o f (x) = f ( f (x)) = f ( - x) = - (-x) = x. If x ∉ Q then f o f (x) = f (f (x)) = f (x) = x. Thus for all x R, we have that f o f

Teen suicides Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Teen suicides - Essay Example He was a homosexual and his private video with his gay companion was posted on the internet by his colleagues. Clementi did not find any other option suitable and opted for suicide by jumping off the bridge. His suicide was an example of cyberspace bullying and was a tragic happening which laid a great impact (Schwartz 2011). Phoebe Prince was a 15 year old girl who was also new in her school. She was the target of many bullies who used to call her with names and she was physically harassed as well. The internet and the social networking websites were also utilized to bully her. She also committed suicide when she could not handle the pressure and the bullying (Eckholm and Zezima 2010). These untoward incidents are clearly indicative of the fact that bullying has become a major problem in today’s world where it can lead to the deaths of teenagers who are victims of this crime. The involvement of social networking also has a major role to play as can be seen in the two cases. T he death of Tylor Clementi was mainly due to cyber bullying. The improper utilization of social networking websites combined with the inappropriate action taken against the cases of bullying has led to the incidence of teen suicides. Works Cited Schwartz, John. â€Å"Bullying, Suicide, Punishment.† The New York Times. 2 Oct. 2010. Web 4th March 2011.

Social Inequality and Exclusion Knowledge in Social Care

Social Inequality and Exclusion Knowledge in Social Care How can a knowledge of social inequalities and social exclusion assist social workers in their practice? In some respects the topic of this essay reflects both the heart and core of the philosophy behind social work. There are some who would argue that it is the recognition and appreciation of the inequalities of society that are the driving force behind most of the social legislation in this country today. (Powell, J et al 1996). The definition of social inequality can be made on many different levels – philosophical, intellectual, socio-economic, cultural and health related, to cite but a few and a complete discussion is clearly beyond the scope of an essay such as this. In the same way social exclusion can be due to a myriad of causes – cultural, religious, behavioural, criminal, socio-economic, age, immobility and illness are a few of the more common factors. The fact of the matter is that in practical terms, both social inequality and social exclusion tend to overlap a great deal and in many cases, one is the cause of the other. (Lovelock, R et al 2004) Because it is completely impractical to consider all of the possible causes of both social inequality and social exclusion we shall approach the issue by considering a number of different examples and discuss them in the context of the question. In general terms, disability (both physical and mental) is a major cause of both these phenomena. We shall begin by considering the impact that disability has on both social inequality and social exclusion. To it’s credit, the Government has recently taken a number of steps to try to combat the inequality and the exclusion elements that are inextricably linked with disability. In order to be technically correct on the matter, we should note that the World Health Organisation actually subdivides the term â€Å"disability† into three different elements Problems in bodily function or structure, which they used to call impairment; problems relating to activities, or disability; and problems related to social participation, which they called handicap. (Ramcharan P et al 1997) For our purposes however, such a definition is hardly helpful in terms of examining the problems of the disabled. We would suggest that a definition in social terms is probably far more practical. Some commentators (Clasen J 1999), have observed that: The treatment of disability as if it was a single problem may mean that disabled people receive insufficient or inappropriate assistance. The problems that disabled people have in common are not so much their physical capacities, which are often very different, but limitations on their life style. In the context of this essay Goodin (et al 2000) adds the observation that: Their income tends to be low, while disabled people may have special needs to be met which require increased expenditure. Socially, disabled people may well become isolated, particularly as their health declines and they struggle progressively to manage on the resources they have, and they may be socially excluded. For our purposes in this essay we shall use the word â€Å"disability† in its English grammatical sense (a la Clasen and Goodin) rather than in the narrower WHO definition above. Perhaps the first observation that we should make, is that disability, or the perception of disability, is very culturally dependent and to some extent is culturally determined. The cynic might suggest that the stereotype caucasian British white male might consider that a disabled person is the responsibility of the social services and the state, who can look after him, provide him with carers and organise a regular income in the form of some type of protected benefit. Equally, the stereotypical Asian family might consider the disabled family member to be the responsibility of the family itself and would only look to the state for advice and resources. Clearly both of these stereotypes are cartoon exaggerations of the reality of the situation, but we use this to illustrate the cultural elements of the expectations of both the disabled person and their families or carers. In the context of our considerations here, we need to consider how a knowledge of the social inequalities and social exclusion can assist the social worker in their practice. In order to do this in the specific area of disability, we should examine The Disability and Discrimination Act (1995). Many would argue that this has been a piece of legislation that was long overdue as it addressed a need that has been demonstrably present from time immemorial (Baldock J et al 1999). The fact of the matter is that the ability to discriminate on the sole grounds of race has been illegal in the UK for a considerable time. As Spicker (P 1995) has observed: The ability to discriminate on other, arguably more fundamental features of existence, still remained an option that did not have the sanction of the law. In this respect, the Act has proved to be a valuable piece of legislation as it has helped to directly tackle many of the areas of social inequality and social exclusion. Many consider the Act to be simply aimed at the discrimination practices that were rife in the workplace, but the reality of the situation is that it is, in real terms, a far reaching piece of legislation which has implications for most areas of society and social interaction (Alcock P, 2003). The social worker will clearly need to have a working knowledge of the provisions of this Act if they are to be able to function effectively in this particular area. The social worker, in their daily practice, may very well come across clients with disabilities of various types, and these clients may look to them for help, support and guidance if they have an appreciable element of social exclusion in their lives. We can point to research which shows that the disabled have a substantial burden of discrimination when it comes to employment. (Chapman P et al 2004). Jowell (R et al 1998) demonstrated a 7 fold increased incidence of unemployment when compared to their able bodied counterparts. It generally follows that greater levels of unemployment are associated with lower levels of income and this, in turn, is associated with greater levels of social exclusion (McKernan SM et al 2005), The professional approach of the social worker will be to assess all of the possible factors that may contribute to their isolation and consider practical ways of breaking down the barriers to inclusion, whether they may be in the workplace, on the social front or even in terms of simple physical mobility. (Haralambos M et al 2000) Another major area of social inequality, which again has repercussions on social exclusion, is the area of health in general. In this context the (then) Health Secretary, Frank Dobson, made the very pertinent comment : Inequality in health is the worst inequality of all. There is no more serious inequality than knowing that you’ll die sooner because you’re badly off (Dobson 1997) There is a direct and demonstrable link between social depravation and ill health. It follows from this that social inequalities have a direct effect on both morbidity and mortality. This is most marked in the children from deprived backgrounds. (Black 1980) The Black report (cited above) was largely adopted and expanded in the publication of â€Å"The Health Divide† (Townsend Davidson 1988), which further quantified the areas of social inequalities as manifested in morbidity rates in the population and correlated them to social stratification. The Report came to the conclusion that these social inequalities were not being adequately addressed either by the Health Authorities or the Social Services. These identified inequalities later emerged, further modified, in a document â€Å"Independent Inquiry into Inequalities in Health† ( IIIH 1998), and were associated with 39 separate recommendations. These were subsequently criticised for a lack of prioritisation, (McKernan SM et al 2005), where† the fundamental role of poverty was lost in a sea of (albeit worthy) recommendations ranging from traffic curbing to fluoridation of the water supply.† Obviously, the findings of this succession of reports does not only impact upon the Social Services, it equally impacts upon other providers such as the Health Service and indeed the Government itself. We have examined two specific areas of the whole picture of social inequality, and it is prudent to also consider an overview before leaving this area. The trend to socio-economic inequality can be considered to be either rising or falling depending on which criteria of assessment one takes. If we consider the number of people who are living in low income households, there has been a measurable downward trend in the last decade, this is partly due to the fact that there are progressively fewer people in workless households (Chapman P et al 2005) Equally, if one considers the number of families on out-of-work benefits, this has risen by 30% in the last 6 years (JRF 2005) If one considers the impact of the association of low income and increased morbidity, then we can cite studies that show that there has not been any significant reduction in these health related inequalities in the last 9 years. (McKernan SM et al 2005). There is also the geographical factor. We can show that virtually all the indicators of both social socio-economic inequality and social exclusion are more prevalent in the north-east of the UK and they tend to progressively reduce as one moves towards the south-west. The only notable geographical anomaly in this respect is London which has a peak of low income and unemployment problems and Scotland which has a peak in health-related issues. (JRF 2005) In conclusion, although it is accepted that we have only examined a few small facets of the whole potential area related to both social inequalities and social exclusion, we would suggest that we have presented sufficient evidence to be able to suggest that the social worker cannot reasonably be expected to practice in the modern environment without a thorough knowledge and appreciation of these factors. It is not so much a case of â€Å"Does this knowledge assist the social worker in their practice?† but â€Å"This knowledge is essential to be able to practice effectively.† References Alcock P, 2003,  Social policy in Britain,  Macmillan 2003. Baldock J et al 1999,  Social Policy,  Oxford University Press 1999 Black report (The) 1980,  DHSS,  HMSO: London 1980 Chapman P, Euan Phimister, Mark Shucksmith, Richard Upward and Esperanza Vera-Toscano, 2004,  Poverty and exclusion in rural Britain: The dynamics of low income and employment,  Joseph Rowntree Foundation, Prentice Hall : ISBN1 899987 67 3, Clasen J (ed) 1999,  Comparative social policy: concepts, theories and methods,  Blackwell 1999   Dobson F 1997,  Department of Health: The NHS Plan. A Plan for Investment. A Plan for Reform. Cm 4818.  London: The Stationery Office 1997 Goodin R, B Headey, R Muffels, H-J Dirven, 2000,  The real worlds of welfare capitalism,  Cambridge University Press 2000. Haralambos M, M Holborn 2000,  Sociology: themes and perspectives,  Harper Collins 2000. IIIH 1998,  Independent Inquiry into Inequalities in Health (1998),  Department of Health,  HMSO: London 1998 Jowell R, J. Curtice, A. Park, L. Brook, K. Thomson C. Bryson (eds.) 1998,  British and European Social Attitudes: how Britain differs. The 15th BSA Report,  Ashgate Publishing, Aldershot. (1998) JRF 2005,  Low pay, and poverty,  Joseph Rowntree Foundation, Prentice Hall: 2005 McKernan SM, Ratcliffe, C 2005,  Events that trigger poverty,  Social Sceince Quarterly Vol. 86, Number 5, December 2005, pp. 1146-1169 (24),  JRF 2005 Millar J and Karen Gardiner 2005,  Low pay, household resources and poverty,  Joseph Rowntree Foundation, Prentice Hall: ISBN 1 85935 257 X Townsend Davidson 1988,  The Health Divide,  London: Penguin Books 1988 Ramcharan P et al 1997,  In: Empowerment in Everyday Life: learning disability, Jessica Kingsley (EDS),  Oxford University Press 1997 Lovelock, R. and Powell, J. (forthcoming, April 2004), ‘Habermas/Foucault for social work: practices of critical reflection’, in Lovelock, R., Lyons, K. and Powell, J. (eds), Reflecting on Social Work – Discipline and Profession, Aldershot, Ashgate, pp. 183–225. Powell, J. and Lovelock, R. (1996), Reason and commitment: is communication possible in contested areas of social work theory and practice?, in Ford, P. and Hayes, P. (eds), Educating for Social Work: Arguments for Optimism, Aldershot, Avebury, pp. 76–94. JRF 2005,  Joseph Rowntree Foundation 2005 April 1998 Ref 418 Poverty and exclusion in rural Britain: the dynamics of low income and employment

Optimization of Ritalin for more Effective Results Essay -- Methylphen

Ritalin (Methylphenidate) Optimization Ritalin Pills Abstract: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is currently the dominating psychiatric disorder found in children. The creation of the drug Ritalin based on the molecule Methylphenidate in the early 90’s sparked a widespread use of this psycho stimulant, which still remains as one of the most popular drugs used to counteract the symptoms of ADHD. My ultimate goal in this research project is to design analogs for the drug Ritalin in the hopes of discovering a more effective version of this medication. Through research, it can be concluded that none the analogs suggested are suitable candidates for new drugs based on the results. Introduction: With 3-5 percent of school children today diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), ADHD has been reported to account for 50 percent of the child psychiatric population seen at the clinic. Methylphenidate (figure 1) serves as the dominant drug used in medications counteracting the symptoms of ADHD. (1) Among those medications, Ritalin is currently prescribed for daily use to 1.5 million school children in the United States, making it one of the most widely used prescription medications today. (2) The optimization of Ritalin is of utmost importance and will therefore, be the topic of this project. Scientists believe that ADHD is caused by an imbalance between dopaminergic, noradrenergic and serotonergic neurotransmitter systems. However, this theory remains questionable due to an insufficient amount of evidence. Methylphenidate’s mechanism of action, Fig. 1: Methylphenidate Molecular Structure which is based on dopamine synaptic uptake inhibition, essentially allows it to binds to ... ... Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (1997) 29 July 2008 2) Ritalin: Fast Facts. Do It Now Foundation. 29 July 2008. figure 1: United States Environmental Protection Agency. July 28 2008. figure 2: Medscape. July 28 2008. title picture: Wikimedia. July 28 2008. figure 4: Wikipedia. July 28 2008. figure 5: Wikipedia. July 28 2008. %28primary%29-skeletal.png> figure 8: Wikipedia. July 28 2008. svg> Optimization of Ritalin for more Effective Results Essay -- Methylphen Ritalin (Methylphenidate) Optimization Ritalin Pills Abstract: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is currently the dominating psychiatric disorder found in children. The creation of the drug Ritalin based on the molecule Methylphenidate in the early 90’s sparked a widespread use of this psycho stimulant, which still remains as one of the most popular drugs used to counteract the symptoms of ADHD. My ultimate goal in this research project is to design analogs for the drug Ritalin in the hopes of discovering a more effective version of this medication. Through research, it can be concluded that none the analogs suggested are suitable candidates for new drugs based on the results. Introduction: With 3-5 percent of school children today diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), ADHD has been reported to account for 50 percent of the child psychiatric population seen at the clinic. Methylphenidate (figure 1) serves as the dominant drug used in medications counteracting the symptoms of ADHD. (1) Among those medications, Ritalin is currently prescribed for daily use to 1.5 million school children in the United States, making it one of the most widely used prescription medications today. (2) The optimization of Ritalin is of utmost importance and will therefore, be the topic of this project. Scientists believe that ADHD is caused by an imbalance between dopaminergic, noradrenergic and serotonergic neurotransmitter systems. However, this theory remains questionable due to an insufficient amount of evidence. Methylphenidate’s mechanism of action, Fig. 1: Methylphenidate Molecular Structure which is based on dopamine synaptic uptake inhibition, essentially allows it to binds to ... ... Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (1997) 29 July 2008 2) Ritalin: Fast Facts. Do It Now Foundation. 29 July 2008. figure 1: United States Environmental Protection Agency. July 28 2008. figure 2: Medscape. July 28 2008. title picture: Wikimedia. July 28 2008. figure 4: Wikipedia. July 28 2008. figure 5: Wikipedia. July 28 2008. %28primary%29-skeletal.png> figure 8: Wikipedia. July 28 2008. svg>

How Do Hindus View Suffering? Essay

Hinduism is an ancient religion and is a mixture of several different faiths. The religion includes the beliefs of the early inhabitants together with the beliefs of others from around the last three thousand years. Due to the diversities in the religion, it may seem that a number of Hindus may appear to be followers of a different religion – this is not so. The differing of beliefs can be seen in the view of suffering. It is one of the most vital concepts in Hindu philosophy. Suffering is â€Å"to undergo or be subjected to pain.†1 Pain does not just mean physical torture. It could mean anything from struggling to make ends meet, to being mentally unstable. Suffering may be internal, like physical pain, or external, resulting from the environment around. The three major religions that is Christianity, Judaism, Islam (known as the religions of the book) have their own teaching on what it means to suffer. The idea of suffering in the Christian tradition is particularly c onventional. The Old Testament book of Job depicts a righteous man who loses everything that he has, and in turn has inflicted upon him diseases. The view of suffering is found in the characters Zophar, Bildad, Eliphaz, who believe that the main reason Job is suffering in such a gruesome way is because of his actions. Job may have appeared to be a righteous man on the outside, but beneath, Job could have been a man whose heart was not fully pure, and therefore was being punished by God. Here the conventional Christian attitude is that suffering is a result of ones own actions. In The New Testament the belief is that suffering may not have been brought upon by the individual but by their parents or others around them. In Hinduism the attitude towards suffering is varied. An overall approach can be found in the four noble truths. Even though it is from the religion of the Buddhist, I feel that it can be applied to any religion that has to discuss the issue of suffering. The four noble truths are: – suffering exists. – there is a cause of suffering. – suffering can be stopped. – there is a way, the nob le eight-fold path. It is from this statement that I will base this assignment. It does not take much for one to realise what the world today is full of. Around us there is strife, consistent bloodshed, poverty, and millions of people in prolonged torment. â€Å"The universe is a chain of killing and being killed, of devouring and of being devoured. The whole (world) is just food and the eater of food.†2 When one stops to reflect on the situation, it is obvious that suffering in the world does exists – it is inevitable, the reason being , it is due to man and his greed. Suffering in the Hindu world can be seen within the caste system. In the Hindu tradition, its members are divide into for groups or castes. First is the Brahmans. They are considered to be the priestly or intellectual caste. Second are the Kshatriyas. They are referred to as the warrior and ruling caste. Third are the Vaisya. They are known as the commercial and agricultural caste. Fourth are the Sudras. They are understood to be the caste who labour. Suffering may not be experienced by the first three castes, but is experienced in the remaining caste. Such suffering includes not only physical and mental suffering, but, † legal, social, and religious disabilities.†3 The Hindus attitude towards the caste system, is that it represents the life a person lived in the past. This then leads us to discuss the belief in Karma (this will be discussed below). So whatever caste a person is born into, whether it be the priestly or even the labourers, it is no one else’s fault but the individuals. If one finds themselves within the lower castes they then know that the former life lived was not worthy, and so now faces the consequences, together with being given the chance to change. â€Å"It emphatically lays down that an individual’s rise or fall is the social scale in the next life depends entirely on the good or bad deeds which he performs in the present life.† 4 On this point the majority of all Hindus agree that suffering is inescapable in this world. When considering the first noble truth it is here that we find differing theories. One view is suffering can be seen as an illusion. â€Å"Like all empirical phenomena, like empirical existence itself, suffering is an illusion, a mirage.†5 Such a belief is accepted by the Upanishads. Suffering depicted in the scripture is not a real experience, it is unreal. It is unreal in the sense that although the physical body is affected the inner self is not. â€Å"The body may suffer but that the self which pervades it is not affected.†6 Suffering is seen then by the scripture as an illusion, it is not an actual experience. Then again it must be impossible to say that something is not there if one can actual feel and respond to it. The Upanishads realise that once a person is born into the world, they are automatically placed in an environment in which evil and suffering exists. Therefore because of all the influences surrounding them, the body will then gradually take on the forms of the world. Man becomes corrupt as he focuses on looking out for himself. The god Brahman is to be connected with the idea of suffering as an illusion. Everything that happens within this world is said to be the manifestation of Brahman. â€Å"I am the body, his mental attitude. I am the Brahman.†7 Man is not the owner of his body, everything from his outer being to the inner being is that of Brahman. If Brahman is then the controller of a person from the inward out, then whatever problems an individual is faced with should not really affect them. This is because it is the owner of the body, not them that has to deal with the problem, but Brahman. If one looks at the relationship between the Hindu and Brahman, it is possible to understand why suffering should be seen as an illusion, because really the person being affected is Brahman. The individual may feel that it is them that has to cope with the misfortunes that come to them. If they accept the fact that it is Brahman who is overseer of the body then there is no need to be aggrieved. On the other hand if they do not recognise that fact then of cause the suffering they are experiencing will be as â€Å"real as do the objects of the world.†8 â€Å"Suffering therefore, is only a problem so long as it appears to be a final and inescapable truth. But when it is realised that the self is not bound forever to the transient world of suffering, but rather that it is Brahman, then suffering can no longer occur.†9 If one was then to ask a Hindu the question ‘does suffering exist?’ the answer most likely to be heard is no – suffering is only a ‘fragment of the imagination.’ Just as there were varying views on whether suffering exists or not, there is also differing views as to what causes suffering. Like all other religions, some Hindus believe that the cause of suffering is the result of one’s actions known as karma. The Hindus attitude towards suffering is to be found in the doctrine of karma. If one can understand this doctrine clearly, then so to, the theme of suffering can be clearly understood. The doctrine basically states that every action of an individual will no doubt produce some results whether it be good or bad. The consequences of the actions will determine the life of an individual. For the individual to experience the results of his actions, another life experience is needed – hence the doctrine of reincarnation. The two doctrines can not be separated, it is impossible to talk of one without the other. In Christianity this doctrine is known as retribution. The actions committed in the past life can be depicted in the life t he individual leads in the next. â€Å"His past acts, for instance, determine the kind of body which he assumes, the family, society, and position in which he may be born.†10 For example if the actions of a past life was moral, then the following life would be a life of satisfaction. If on the other hand the actions were unjust, then, the individual would encounter a new life of hardship. Every action that an individual performs has a direct result or even a consequence. â€Å"An individual’s present position and suffering are a consequence of his own actions.†11 The basis for such a view is held in the Hindu belief in reincarnation. After death the soul is reborn in another form of life. The aim of reincarnation is to enable the individual to reach perfection so that they can be one with God. Such a cycle of birth, life, death and rebirth is known as samsara. If providing the past life of an individual was good then their soul would then automatically be with the Divine. If on the other hand the past life was bad then a chance is given to the individual to make up for the bad deeds done in their last life. Death then is viewed by the Hindus as something which is to be looked forward to – it is a step towards a new life in which one is given the chance to change. If one’s present life is full of nothing but suffering then in the next, life will be a vast improvement. Suffering in one life may then lead to an improved life. Suffering is then brought upon a person if they have done something in their life that has been corrupt. If one is to go around doing bad deeds, then the bad deeds will eventually take its toll on them, hence the suffering. Another cause for suffering is due to ones lack of faith and lack of devotion to the Divine. â€Å"The cause of the problem of suffering focuses on three characteristic fallings in the human condition, namely greed (labha), ignorance (avidya), and indifference (pramada).†12 The individual loses sight of the relationship held between Brahman, and instead possesses the desire for the tangible things of the world. It is as soon as the individual follows their mind and not their heart, does the experience of suffering take place. â€Å"Suffering arises only when one attaches himself to limited or transient objects as though they are permanent.†13 If one keeps their eyes focused on the Divine then everything will be more than satisfactory, but on the other hand if the eyes stray then the consequence will ultimately be suffering. Together with Christianity, Hindus view suffering in a positive note, that is, suffering can help strengthen the individual in their faith. In their time of need one would turn to the divine to find comfort and reassurance that everything wi ll be right in the end. Suffering is then seen as an experience that reinforce one’s faith. Another advantage of suffering is that it maybe an indication of better things to come in life. An individual can not expect to pass through life without having to come across difficulties, life would be ‘boring’ so to speak. Suffering in one’s life may lead to a better life in the next and so suffering should be appreciated. â€Å"Suffering is an experience, a part of the universe of being. It may be beneficial particularly if it is the foundation of better things.†14 There is a way out of suffering. Suffering is an experience which can easily be removed. â€Å"The Hindu view is that suffering is inevitable in this world and that the only way to deal with it is in fact to reject the world and seek release from it.†15 The solutions to suffering can be found in the doctrine of moksha. It is the doctrine where on can seek either liberation or release from the world fraught with corruption. The first way in which release can be brought about is by devoting oneself wholly to Brahman. This involves not only prayer but worship. Time needs to be taken out to focus on the almighty. Another way is through the way of action. This again brings to remembrance the doctrine of karma. By doing good deed the self becomes pure. By doing bad deeds then the self becomes corrupt. The final solution is said to be through yoga. It is through this physical exercise does one become united with Brahman. As discussed previously, one of the causes for suffering was due to man’s indulgence towards the material substances of the world. So if man disregards his lust for the world, then suffering itself will not be experienced. Man needs to be completely detached from the substances of the world and instead need to attach himself to the divine in order to prevent the occurrence of suffering. An additional way to solve the problem is if one is to take suffering as an illusion. â€Å"The way to alleviate suffering is precisely to realise indeed that it is nothing, at most it is a mere manifestation.†16 To conclude suffering in the religion is viewed in many terms. In my personal view suffering is part of life. Life would not be life if there was no such thing as suffering. I am not saying that suffering is nothing of importance, it is, when one is brought into a world surrounded by suffering, it becomes part of life, one has to learn to cope with it. In order to apprehend the concept in detail, one has to have an in-depth understanding of the various doctrines discussed above. It can be argued whether suffering exists or not, but what is clear is whatever the decision there is a way in which to prevent suffering. Essentially it is committing the mind body and soul to God. By doing this then the life being lived will no doubt be free from distress. Bibliography -Benjamin Walker, â€Å"Hindu World†, London vol. 2, 1968. -John Brockington, â€Å"Hinduism and Christianity†, Macmillan, 1992 -Arun Shourie, â€Å"Hinduism: Essence and Consequence†, Vikas New Delhi, 1970 -A.L Herman, â€Å"A Brief Introduction to Hinduism†, Oxford 1991 -J Bowker, â€Å"Problems of Suffering in Religions of the World†, London, 1975 -Richard Lannoy, â€Å"The Speaking Tree†, Oxford, 1971 -K.W Morgan, â€Å"The Religions of the Hindu World†, New York Press, 1954 -K.N Tiwari, â€Å"Suffering: Indian Perspectives†, Motilal Barnarsidass Delhi, 1986 1 Concise Oxford Dictionary 2 Problems of Suffering in Religions of the World page 200 3 The Religions of the Hindus page 145 4 The Religions of the Hindus page 147-148 5 Hinduism: Essence and Consequence page 153 6 Problems of Suffering in Religions of the World page 216 7 Hinduism: Essence and Consequence page 154 8 Problems of Suffering in Religions of the World page 216 9 Problems of Suffering in Religions of the World page 214 10 The Religions of the Hindus page 128 11 Hinduism and Christianity page 119 12 A Brief Introduction to Hinduism page 31 13 Problems of Suffering in Religions of the World page 214 14Problems of Suffering in Religions of the World page 207 15 Hinduism and Christianity page 133 16 Hinduism: Essence and Consequence page 153

Public Bank Berhad

Public Bank Berhad The Public Bank Malaysia was founded in the year 1966. The logo, in modern geometric design, is conceived from two interlocking octagons denoting the domestic and international connections of the Group. The interlocking of the two octagons also suggests security, strength and stability. As per the latest reports Public Bank Malaysia is the largest domestic bank in Malaysia after Malayan Banking Berhad. The Public Bank Malaysia, in terms of its market capitalization, is the largest corporation in Malaysia that is not linked with the Government.The expansion and progress of the Group are symbolised by the edges of the octagons pointing outwards at various directions. Additionally, the graphic formation of the two interlocking octagons also creates an â€Å"eye† of foresight of the organisation. Industry Of Public Bank Berhad Public Bank Berhad is an industry leader in hire purchase financing, home mortgage financing and commercial lending to SMEs in Malaysia. The bank has a strong distribution network comprising 248 full service branches in Malaysia and 109 overseas in Hong Kong, China, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos and Sri Lanka. Public BankProduct Range Of Public Bank Berhad Public Bank Berhad in one of the leading providers of integrated financial services in Malaysia. It primarily focuses on providing banking and financial services. The bank is engaged in offering various financial products and services, which includes investment banking, commercial banking, wealth management products, and Islamic banking services. Target Market Of Public Bank Berhad The whole Malaysian, Hong Kong, China, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos and Sri Lanka. Aimed at providing customized banking services and products to individual customers in addition to small business concerns.Consumer Groups The core business areas of the Public Bank Group are consumer and retail commercial loans. Individuals and families can find a range of lending solutions to buy residential unit, vehicle or a consumer good. The bank offers home loan, car loan, passenger vehicle hire purchase financing and personal loan at easy terms and conditions. The small and medium sized enterprises, too, can find simplified procedure here to apply for a commercial loan. Position of The Company In Relation To Other Competitors Public Bank Berhad operates in the Commercial banks sector.This analysis compares Public Bank Berhad with three other companies: Malayan Banking Berhad (2011 sales of 18. 28 billion Malaysian Ringgits [US$5. 85 billion] of which 25% was Consumer Banking), Cimb Group Holdings Berhad (2010 sales: 16. 06 billion Malaysian Ringgits [US$5. 14 billion] of which 19% was Foreign Banking Ope), and AMMB Holdings Berhad (2011 sales of 5. 83 billion Malaysian Ringgits [US$1. 87 billion] of which 46% was Retail Banking). Company| Sales(blns)| P/E| P/B| Mkt Cap(RMm)| Revenue(RM’000,000)| Public Bank Berhad| 10. 345| 13. 1| 3. 10| 45,067. 8| 10,523| Malayan Banking Berhad| 18. 278| 13. 0| 1. 90| 62,592. 67| 18,397| Cimb Group Holdings Berhad| 16. 059| 13. 5| 2. 07| 55,597. 16| 16,635| AMMB Holdings Berhad| 5. 831| 12. 2| 1. 69| 17,904. 26| 6,343| Market Capital Revenue Ratio For Public Bank | 2008| 2009| 2010| Current ratio| 120,700,000,000/34,789,000,000=3. 47| 137,600,000,000/41,835,000,000=3. 29| 156,500,000,000/45,911,000,000=3. 41| Quick ratio| 60,656,000,000/34,789,000,000=1. 97| 67,986,000,000/41,835,000,000=1. 63| 59,269,000,000/45,911,000,000=1. 29| Average age of inventory | Impossible since PBB is not involved in trading.No inventories| Impossible since PBB is not involved in trading. No inventories| Impossible since PBB is not involved in trading. No inventories| Average Collection Period| Impossible since PBB is not involved in trading. No sales hence no receivables| Impossible since PBB is not involved in trading. No sales hence no receivables| Impossible since PBB is not involved in trading. No sales hence no receivables| Average payme nt period| Impossible since PBB is not involved in trading. No purchases| Impossible since PBB is not involved in trading. No purchases| Impossible since PBB is not involved in trading.No purchases| Total asset turnover| 10,500,307,000/196,163,106,000=0. 054| 9,715,568,000/271,136,154,000=0. 045| 11,035,597,000/226,328,976,000=0. 049| Debt ratio| (185,934,374,000/196,163,106,000)x100=94. 79%| (205,420,830,000/217,136,154,000)x100=94. 60%| (212,643,888,000/226,328,976,000)x100=93. 96%| Time interest earned| 18,790,015,000/4,562,396,000=4. 12x| 17,068,609,000/3,316,609,000=5. 15x| 19,149,128,000/3,516,111,000=5. 45x| Gross profit margin| (3,948,155,000/10,500,307,000)x100=37. 60%| (4,015,055,000/9,715,568,000)x100=41. 33%| (4,738,265,000/11,035,597,000)x100=42. 4%| Net profit margin| (2,622,660,000/10,500,307,000)x100=24. 98%| (2,551,540,000/9,715,568,000)x100=26. 26%| (3,099,077,000/11,035,597,000)x100=28. 08%| ROA| (2,622,660,000/196,163,106,000)x100=1. 34%| (2,551,540,000/217,136,1 54,000)x100=1. 18%| (3,099,077,000/226,328,976,000)x100=1. 37%| ROE| (2,622,660,000/10,228,732,000)x100=25. 64%| (2,551,540,000/11,715,324,000)x100=21. 78%| (3,099,077,000/13,685,088,000)x100=22. 65%| Analysis Of Public Bank Performance Liquidity Ratio Current Ratio = Current assets/current liabilities 2008| 2009| 2010| 120,700,000,000/ 34,789,000,000 =3. 7| 137,600,000,000/ 41,835,000,000 =3. 29| 156,500,000,000/ 45,911,000,000 =3. 41| The ratio is mainly used to measure the company's ability to pay back  its short-term liabilities with its short-term assets. As we seen the company current ratio for these 3 years, there are decreases from year 2008 to year 2009 but they increase back when come to year 2010. These 3 years current ratio is significant higher than the acceptable ratio. The acceptable ratio is 2:1 but for the public bank, the current ratio are (2008 1 : 3. 47, 2009 1 : 3. 29, 2010 1 : 3. 41).These shows that the Public Bank is not using its resources as efficiently a s it could be. Public Bank should reduce its current assets so there are no excessive current assets. Quick Ratio = (current assets-inventories)/current liabilities 2008| 2009| 2010| 60,656,000,000/ 34,789,000,000 =1. 97| 67,986,000,000/ 41,835,000,000 =1. 63| 59,269,000,000/ 45,911,000,000 =1. 29| Quick ratio  measures  a company's ability to meet  its short-term obligations with  its most liquid assets. The higher the quick ratio,  the  better the position of the  company. From the company 3 years quick ratio, the quick ratio are (2008 1 : 1. 7, 2009 1 : 1. 63, 2010 1 : 1. 29) These shows that the company quick ratio is slightly higher than the acceptable ratio that are 1:1. But the quick ratio for the company are getting better year to year. The company should reduce its current account to reach the desirable ratio that are 1:1. Activity Ratio Average age of inventory =(Average inventories/Cost of sales)x365 2008| 2009| 2010| N/A| N/A| N/A| Impossible to compute sin ce Public Bank Berhad is not involved in trading. No physical inventories are involved. Average collection period = (receivables/sales) x365 2008| 2009| 2010|N/A| N/A| N/A| Impossible to compute since Public Bank Berhad is not involved in trading. No physical inventories are involved. Average payment period =(Payable/Cost of sales)x365 2008| 2009| 2010| N/A| N/A| N/A| Impossible to compute since Public Bank Berhad is not involved in trading. No physical purchases are involved. Total assets turn over= Operating revenue/total assets 2008| 2009| 2010| 10,500,307,000/196,163,106,000 =0. 054| 9,715,568,000/271,136,154,000 =0. 045| 11,035,597,000/226,328,976,000 =0. 049| Asset turnover  measures  a firm's efficiency at using its assets in generating sales.The total assets turnover over for the 3 years, there are decrease in year 2009 but increases in year 2010. For each RM1 of assets for the year 2008, Public Bank only manage to generate RM0. 054 of sales. For the year 2009 and 2010, for each RM1 of the assets, Public Bank only generates RM0. 045 and RM0. 049 of sales. The amount are worsen but there are increases for year 2010. This is because the company have higher profit margin, so they would have lower assets turnover. Financial Ratio Debt ratio=(Total liabilities/Total asset)x100% 2008| 2009| 2010| (185,934,374,000/196,163,106,000)x100=94. 9%| (205,420,830,000/217,136,154,000)x100=94. 60%| (212,643,888,000/226,328,976,000)x100=93. 96%| A ratio that indicates what proportion of debt a company has relative to its assets. The measure gives an idea to the leverage of the company along with the potential risks the company faces in terms of its debt-load. Time Interest Earned Ratio=EBIT/Interest 2008| 2009| 2010| 18,790,015,000/4,562,396,000=4. 12x| 17,068,609,000/3,316,609,000=5. 15x| 19,149,128,000/3,516,111,000=5. 45x| Ensuring interest payments to debt holders and preventing bankruptcy depends mainly on a company's ability to sustain earnings.However, a high ratio can indicate that a company has an undesirable lack of debt or is paying down too much debt with earnings that could be used for other projects. The rationale is that a company would yield greater returns by investing its earnings into other projects and borrowing at a lower cost of capital than what it is currently paying to meet its debt obligations. Analysis : The company have a high time interest earned ratio in this few year and the ratio keep increase. This suggests that this company is less burdened by debt expense and the company has no problem in settling its interest expenses in the future.Profitability Ratio Gross Profit Margin=Gross profit margin/Net sales 2008| 2009| 2010| (3,948,155,000/10,500,307,000)x100=37. 60%| (4,015,055,000/9,715,568,000)x100=41. 33%| (4,738,265,000/11,035,597,000)x100=42. 94%| The gross margin is not an exact estimate of the company's pricing strategy but it does give a good indication of financial health. Without an adequate gross margin , a company will be unable to pay its operating and other expenses and build for the future. Net Profit Margin=(Earning to common stockholders/sales)x100% 2008| 2009| 2010| (2,622,660,000/10,500,307,000)x100=24. 98%| (2,551,540,000/9,715,568,000)x100=26. 6%| (3,099,077,000/11,035,597,000)x100=28. 08%| Net profit margin is the ratio of net profit to revenues a company’s pricing strategy and operating efficiency. Return On Assets=(Earning to common stockholders/total assets)x100% 2008| 2009| 2010| (2,622,660,000/196,163,106,000)x100=1. 34%| (2,551,540,000/217,136,154,000)x100=1. 18%| (3,099,077,000/226,328,976,000)x100=1. 37%| Return on assets is an indicator of how profitable a company is relative to its total asset, the ratio measures how efficient management is at using its assets to generate earning. Return On Equity=(Earning to common stockholders/total equity)x100% 2008| 2009| 2010| 2,622,660,000/10,228,732,000)x100=25. 64%| (2,551,540,000/11,715,324,000)x100=21. 78%| (3, 099,077,000/13,685,088,000)x100=22. 65%| Return on equity  measures a corporation's profitability  by revealing how much  profit a company generates  with the  money  shareholders have invested. Analysis : Public Bank Berhad have a very high net profit margin and the profit increase from 24. 98% in year 2008 to 26. 26% in year 2009. When in year 2010, it rise to 28. 08% again. It’s mean this company generate 24. 98% in year 2008, 26. 26% in year 2009 and 28. 08% in year 2010 for every RM100 sales. Furthermore, the return on assets are in the high rate.In the year 2008, the ROA is 1. 34% and it decreased to 1. 18% in the year 2009. However, in year 2010 the ROA increases to 1. 37%. It’s because of Public Bank has expanded its self –service channels such as Automated Teller Machines, Cheque Deposit Machines and Cash Deposit Terminals to 1,400 machines to serve its large customer base. The ROE for this company in year 2008 is 25. 64%. However it drops t o 21. 78% in the year 2009. The ROE increases again in the year 2010 to 22. 65%. It’s mean this company is more capable of generating cash internally. For the example, Public Bank Berhad is able to pay its shareholders the return he interest of 25. 64% in the year 2008. Conclusion The Overall of our research about Public Bank Berhad have a very good performance. The Public Bank group should seek to tap all growth opportunities arising from the improving economic and business environment, with the aim of delivering superior shareholder value over the long-term. Retail consumer and commercial banking should remain the core focus of the Group. In consumer financing, the group should continue to promote home mortgages, passenger vehicle hire purchase financing and personal financing. RecommendationOverall all our research about Public Bank Berhad and its competitors, Public Bank Berhad was performance very well in this 3 years. Especially when come to the year 2010, the profit be fore tax increases by 23. 0%. The Group’s gross loans, advances and financing recorded strong growth of 13. 8% in 2010, with the Group’s domestic lending business growing 15. 6% during the year. However, Gross impaired loans ratio drop by 0. 03%. The financial pandemic in late 2008 and 2009 that threatened to push the global economy into a deep recession was largely contained through the concerted efforts of the world’s major government and central banks.